mandag den 30. september 2013

Prøveoplæg og prøven i Samfundsfag i folkeskolen

Dagen i dag startede med fremlæggelser af vores gruppearbejde med "Politiker for en dag", fra sidste gang.

Refleksioner: Mange af de andre grupper havde haft en anden indgangsvinkel til opgaven, og det giver nogle refleksioner. Fx omkring magt, hvor en gruppe nævnte den såkaldte "fjerde magt" under Magtens Tredeling - nemlig medierne. Dette er enormt vigtigt, specielt i nutidens samfund da medierne får mere og mere magt, specielt via internettet og de sociale medier.

Personligt, under vores egen fremlæggelse, følte jeg, at jeg fik gennemtænkt projektet endnu engang, og nye overvejelser dukkede op. Det var en rigtig god mulighed for, at gennemgå arbejdet endnu engang, og med friske øjne se på eventuelle fejl og mangler, eller andre ting, der kunne ændres i vores opgave. Da der blev stillet et spørgsmål, fik jeg også mulighed for at genoverveje opgaven, og måske videreudvikle ideen til et eventuelt fremtidigt undervisningsforløb i folkeskolen.

Resten af dagen handlede om prøven i samfundsfag i folkeskolen. Vores lærer havde lavet et powerpoint med udklip fra folkeskolelovens oplæg om dette, og som gennemgik prøveformen og så videre.
Eksempelvis var der redegjort for selve prøven, med detaljer såsom elevens forberedelsestid (40 minutter) og hvad det enkelte prøveoplæg består af (lærerstillede spørgsmål samt 1-3 kilder - kilderne skal være ukendte for eleven men have sammenhæng med pensum/opgivelserne).


Prøven i samfundsfag formuleres på baggrund af fagets slutmål, og som fastsat i prøvebekendtgørelsen prøves eleverne i at: 
  - inddrage relevant viden om samfundsforhold, 
  - analysere, fortolke og anvende kilder og 
  - anvende faglige begreber.

Opgivelserne
  - Opgivelserne i samfundsfag danner forbindelsen mellem årets undervisning og prøven.  

  - De er ligeledes grundlaget for valget og tilrettelæggelsen af prøveoplæg og skal være med til at sikre, at eleverne har en baggrund for arbejdet med disse, og de udgør en fælles reference for samtalen ved prøven. 

  - Opgivelserne skal til afgangsprøven indeholde materiale, som eleverne i undervisningen har arbejdet med på 9. klassetrin. Herudover kan materiale fra 8. klassetrin indgå. 

  - Opgivelserne skal omfatte et bredt udvalg af tekster, for eksempel artikler, lovtekster, uddrag af partiers og organisationers informationsmaterialer, breve, sangtekster og baggrundstekster. Foruden teksterne opgives der inden for andre materialer og udtryksformer eksempler på andre kilder – i forbindelse med ikke-fiktion for eksempel dokumentarfilm, pressefoto, grafer og statistikker, og i forbindelse med fiktion for eksempel film, computerspil og musik.

  - Under alle omstændigheder gælder det forhold, at tekster og andre materialer og udtryksformer, der opgives, skal have været genstand for undervisning. Det kan altså ikke være tilfældige tv-indslag eller film, som eleverne har mødt uden for skolen.

Prøveoplægget
Det enkelte prøveoplæg består af kilder i form af tekster, statistikker, fotos og andre udtryksformer. I hvert oplæg indgår også et sæt af spørgsmål. I den mundtlige prøve vil der dog være mulighed for at bruge andre kildetyper end tekster og billeder.

Oplægget skal have sammenhæng med opgivelserne, men være ukendt for eleven.

Det enkelte oplæg skal ideelt set være udformet, så flere af fagets kundskabs- og færdighedsområder kan inddrages.

Hvordan antallet af prøveoplæg udregnes:








Selve prøvesituationen
  • Eleven må uden afbrydelser have mulighed for at begynde med en samlet præsentation og fremlæggelse af sit forberedte stof.

  • Efter elevens fremlæggelse af sit forberedte stof fortsætter prøven normalt som en samtale mellem elev, lærer og censor. Denne samtale føres fortsat på elevens præmisser, og det er læreren, der leder samtalen.

  • Målet er, at eleven får mulighed for at formulere, hvad han ved og kan, og ikke at afsløre, hvad han ikke ved og kan.

  • Ved afgangsprøven skal redegørelsen være rimeligt disponeret, det vil sige sammenhængende og nogenlunde struktureret.

  • En fremstilling, som ukritisk omfatter væsentlige og uvæsentlige iagttagelser i oplægget i tilfældig rækkefølge, vil således ikke kunne vurderes som rimeligt disponeret.

  • En fremstilling, der er præget af vage og upræcise ord og vendinger og anden sproglig tomgang, må under alle omstændigheder bedømmes som en usikker fremstilling.

  • Det er vigtigt, at eleven kan redegøre og argumentere for sine synspunkter og konklusioner, men det må vurderes lige så højt, hvis eleven kan indgå i en drøftelse af forhold i prøveoplægget og tage stilling til lærers eller censors spørgsmål og argumenter.


Bedømmelsen
  • Inddrage relevant viden om samfundsforhold:
    • Eleven udvælger og anvender relevante kundskaber erhvervet i og eventuelt uden for undervisningen i sin besvarelse af opgaven. Det er for eksempel tilfældet, når eleven inddrager eksempler med samfundsfagligt indhold og placerer eget og andres hverdagsliv I samfundsmæssigt perspektiv
    • funktionelt benytter sit kendskab til historiske forhold
    • anvender faglige betegnelser og begreber til at belyse spørgsmål stillet i oplægget.

  • Analysere, fortolke og anvende kilder:
    • Eleven demonstrerer forståelse for, hvordan beskrivelser af historiske og samfundsmæssige sammenhænge har baggrund i ophavsmandens (afsenderens) interesser, opfattelser og viden ved at
      • identificere kilden og gøre rede for ophavssituationen
      • beskrive ophavsmandens forudsætninger, herunder blandt andet den tidsmæssige afstand mellem begivenheden og nedskrivningstidspunkt.
    • Eleven formulerer i tilknytning til oplægget relevant betydningsindhold fra kilden og forholder sig til kildens brugbarhed.
    • Eleven bruger sin analyse og fortolkning af oplæggets kilder sammen med sit kendskab til emnet til at begrunde sine synspunkter og perspektiver.

  • Anvende faglige begreber:
    • Eleven anvender funktionelt relevante samfundsfaglige begreber i forbindelse med dels analysen og fortolkningen af de forelagte kilder, dels beskrivelser og analyser af samfundsmæssige forhold og fremstillinger heraf.


PowerPointshowet og lærerens foredrag gav grundig indsigt i, hvordan prøven i samfundsfag udføres, og nogle tydelige "guidelines" til os som lærere, omkring prøven, opgivelserne og bedømmelsen.

Efterfølgende skulle vi, i grupper, udarbejde vores eget prøveoplæg. som skal afprøves i en 8. eller 9. klasse i praktikken, eller på modulholdet.

Trekanten giver et overblik over hvordan man skal udarbejde et prøveoplæg.


Her er et eksempel på trekanten udført i politologi:

torsdag den 26. september 2013

An improvised fairy tale...

Today we had about fairy tales yet again. But this time we had to - in groups - write our own fairy tales from some pictures. In our group (jacob, Anja, Henrik and me) we put the pictures down on the table, the backside up, and in turns we picked a picture and had to continue on our fairy tale talking out from the picture. It turned out quite funny;


The Mix-up
Once upon a time there was a prince. His horse was white. He also had a green dragon which spat fire and he was called "Shrek". On his way on an adventure the prince met an old man, sitting on a chair. "Hello," the old man said. "Could you help me find my lost ring? It got stolen by a man flying on a magic carpet."
Meanwhile, in the forest, a carriage was running wild - the horses had been spooked by a witch and her wolf. The witch was flying on her broomstick and the princess was sitting behind her.
The prince and the old man started chasing the thief on the carpent and suddenly they saw the witch, and the prince drew his sword.
The witch got so scared, she hit a tree, and her and the princess flew down - head first - on an deserted island.
The wolf jumped onto to the island and started growling at the prince.
The prince took forth his magic ring, and jumped to the island as well.
And all of a sudden a lightning appeared!
A magic house appeared, where the lightning hit.
Out from the house came a frog. "Hello," he said, and then he started to sing.
When the frog sang, the house turned into a large tower.
Back in the forest the thief was flying on his carpet, and crashed into the tower, which had suddenly appeared.
The Princess turned into a big eagle, and captured the thief with her claws, so he wouldn't fall to his death.
The princess aka the eagle flew to her fathers castle with the thief, because she thought it was her knight in shining armor.
The King was so happy, that he gave the thief all of his treasure and half the kingdom, for returning the princess.
The knight, the dragon, the wolf, the frog and the witch lived happily ever after on the island.
The old man is still lost in the forest, and missing his ring. This story is dedicated to him. 

Later we listened to a CD "From Scary Tale to Fairy Tale", where the tale "The Frog Prince - continued" was read out loud. It was a quite funny story, about the frog prince and his "happily ever after" which wasn't so happy as you might think. He wants to become a frog again, but he has no luck. After a series of events, where we hear some references to other Fairy Tales (Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Hansel and Gretel and Cinderella), he has an ephiphany, where he realizes he loves the princess. When he gets home, he kisses her, and then they both turn into frogs, and live happily ever after - together. 

This Fary tale is both funny, and very useful in the Folk School, I think, because you can work with it in many ways. Besides the traditionally work with this genre (analyzing it and so on), you can focus on the references and have the pupils find those. We also looked at some examples of what you could do with the pupils, some different tasks. 

The we had to work in groups, and my group worked with the text "Fagligheden i Storyline forløb".
I was in group with Pernille, Tina and Maja.

A little too comprehensive for one teacher.
Cross curricular (tværfaglig udervisning) for storyline - maybe two weeks.
Motivating also for the older pupils (tired of going to school) - they don't have to sit in their seats all day, listening to a teacher.
Motivating because of the co management. The pupils get to be a part of the deciding process.
The teacher has to keep the story open, so the pupils can decide, and it doesn't get boring after an hour. But it is still the teachers task to keep rack of everything and close it up in the end.
There has to be some specifics for instance: problem: "we have to do something for the environment. How will you handle this?"
What would the project evolve into?
It has to have some elements of surprise. Some of it is planned in advance, some of it just happens.

Would English lessons be enough time? I would worry about it being enough time for the pupils to "get into character" between Danish class and math and so on.

Classics storylines (most common) >< making your own storyline

A lot of preparation. Maybe a teacher who did it before can help.

The ugly duckling for bullying. New age versus fairy tale age. Internet bullying - Facebook etc. 

Maja: great exercise about bullying. Tell the students to get up and they have to go around each other and say "hello" and hi" and such. And then they had to sit down, and they got two pieces of paper. On the first piece of paper, they have to write down the worst insult they could think of, and they had to give it to the person next to them. And then they had to get up again, and every time they met someone, instead of "hello" they had to read aloud the insult. When they got back to their seats the teacher asked: "How did that feel" and so on.
Then they had to do the same exercise, but instead of an insult, they had to write down the nicest thing they could think of to say to someone.
Very interesting. Focus on bullying and how it feels to be insulted.

Maja also told me about a "Tænk før du poster" campaign about digital bullying on Facebook. Everytime the girl gets an insult on facebook you hear the facebook sound, and someone puts a post-it note on her, with the insult. Very interesting and shows how it's probably "easier" to bully online, because you can't see the reaction, and thus can't feel the shame or the bad conscience. STOP DIGITAL BULLYING!

Partierne og et undervisningsforløb i politik

Idag har vi haft om partierne, og forsøgt at lave et undervisningsforløb for en 8. klasse, som skulle munde ud i arrangementet "Politiker for en dag".  Det har været rigtig spændende at arbejde med, fordi man virkelig kan relatere til emnet og se, at man kan bruge det i fremtiden.


Grundloven og det repræsentative demokrati forudsætter ikke politiske partier, men partierne udgør et bindeled mellem borgerne og de politiske institutioner.
  • De repræsenterer vælgerne
  • De opstiller og står til ansvar for gele befolkningen ved offentlige valg
  • De forholder sig til alle politiske sagsområder

Partiernes opgaver
  • Politisk mobilisering og socialisering
    • Tidligere gennem medlemskab, nu mere gennem professionaliseret kommunikation, der skal nå og favne bredt.
  • Rekruttering af den politiske ledelse
    • De fleste opstillinger til valg til Folketinget får gennem partierne.
  • Interessevaretagelse og politisk målformulering
    • Mindre grad af faste interesser og faste vælgergrupper, mindre ideologi. Politikudformning som programmer, "kontrakt-politik" stor succes for Fogh.
  • Organisering af regering og opposition
    • Mandatfordelingen i Folketinget partierne imellem afgør organiseringen af regering og opposition.


Downs Model


Molins Model

Undervisningsforløb i Politik i 8. klasse


Timeplan

Undervisning
Indhold
Lektier
Lektion 1+2
Hvad er det gode samfund?
Magtens tredeling

Inddele eleverne i partier og har resten af timen til at undersøge deres parti
Demokrati
Ideologier og partier
Læst om demokrati og magtens tredeling

Læs de første sider om ideologier
Lektion 3+4
Fremlæggelse af partierne

Inddele partierne på ideologierne
 Ideologier og partier
Grupperne skal kunne fremlægge om deres parti

Læs de sidste sider om ideologi
Lektion 5+6
Gennemgår Folketinget og lovgivningsprocessen

Gennemføre et lovforslag via diskussion
Folketinget og lovgivningsprocessen
 Læs om Folketinget og lovgivningsprocessen
Lektion 7+8
Hvordan går man til valg?
Hvordan kan man være deltagende i samfundet?
Debat
Vælgere og valg
Læs om valgprocessen og deltagelsesmulighederne i et demokratisk samfund

”Politiker for en dag”


Lektion 9+10
Hvad synes I om arrangementet?
Hvad har I fået ud af det?

Hvad synes I om forløbet? Hvad har I lært?

QUIZ om forløbet
Debat om ”Politiker for en dag”

Quiz med spørgsmål til det faglige fra både forløbet og ”politiker for en dag” arrangementet.
Overvejelser omkring ”Politiker for en dag” - ½ A4 side



Vi starter med at gennemgå lektierne om demokrati og magtens tredeling.
Så inddeler vi eleverne i partier, og grupperne er så ansvarlige for at gå i dybden med deres parti og fremlægge for de andre. Herefter skal eleverne i fællesskab placere partierne på ideologierne i skemaet nedenfor. Eleverne skal forberede sig til at kunne leve sig ind i rollen, så når de eksempelvis får et spørgsmål, skal de svare på deres partis vegne frem for deres egne holdninger. Efter fremlæggelserne, skal resten af klassen ”counterfremlægge”, for at vi kan vurdere, om de har forstået partiets/gruppens pointer. 

Liberalisme
Konservatisme
Socialisme






I 4. og 5. lektion gennemgår vi Folketinget, det daglige liv på Christiansborg og lovgivningsprocessen, og forsøger at gennemføre et lovforslag via diskussion.
Til slut underviser vi om vælgere og valg, og starter en debat om dette, samt mulighederne for at være deltagende i det danske demokratiske samfund. Vi afslutter forløbet med en quiz om forløbet, for at vurdere om eleverne har fået noget fagligt ud af det, med spørgsmål om både det faglige fra timerne, og erfaringerne fra Christiansborg. Eksempelvis ”Tog I hensyn til mindretallet, da I vedtog lovforslaget?”.
Der er lektier til alle lektionerne. Undervisningsforløbet består både af gruppearbejde, individuelt arbejde (lektier) og klassearbejde (fremlæggelser). De vil også gøre brug af argumentation i diskussionen og debatten.
Eleverne får demokratisk indflydelse via gruppearbejdet, hvor klassen sammen skal uddele partierne på grupperne, via diskussion og evt. afstemning.
Målet med forløbet og ”politiker for en dag” er at få et indblik i det politiske liv, og en viden om demokratiet, samfundet og partierne. De skal lære at blive demokratiske medborgere. Det indebærer viden om hvordan man argumenterer, og deltager i samfundet.
Erfaringerne heraf kan bruges videre til mere undervisning om demokratiet og samfundet, og et videre forløb om politik og valg. Hvis undervisningen falder sammen med et Folketingsvalg eller Kommunalvalg, kan man lave et projekt omkring det, på baggrund af deres viden fra dette forløb.
Faldgrupper: Hvis eleverne ikke ved nok om deres parti, eller de andre partier (til debatten). Hvis eleverne ikke formår at leve sig ind i rollen, når de skal diskutere på vegne af ”deres” parti.
 

torsdag den 19. september 2013

Fairy Tales and Teaching Course

Today we talked about Fairy Tales again, and worked with a couple of texts. we started with a warm-up exercise called "The Fairy Tale Landscape", where we had to work in pairs, and through talking had to find the missing items on our pictures. Then we worked in group and prepared a teaching course with Fairy Tales as the theme. I think today was very productive, and I learned a lot. It was especially exciting to prepare a teaching course, as it really prepares us for our future as teachers. :)


Fairy Tales Questions

Bosma, Bette: Fairy Tales, Fables, Legends, and Myths
Ch. 1 pp. 1-14 The Tale ch. 3 pp. 26-42 Understanding the Story ch. 6 pp. 84-97 Creative Activities with Folk Literature

Chapter 1
  1) What are Bosma’s arguments for the importance of using folk tales in the teaching of English?
Guided reading of folk literature, directing attention to this story structure, helps the child become a better reader.
To read folk lit is fun and it's easier to learn when you enjoy the task.

2) What is your attitude to the quoted evaluation-list on p. 7?
Positive, it'll help the reader find suitable reading for the children.

3) How does Bosma define a fairy tale, an animal tale, a legend and a myth?
Fairy Tales: an enchantment, has other supernatural elements - imagery like talking animals (personification), witches, once upon a time and so on.

Animal tales: one of the oldest form of lit - characters are animal acting like people. Teach about life, usually with lessons concerning personal traits and getting along with others. Native-Americans legends and myth. The form of the animal tales fit into three main categories:
  1. Trickster tales - one central character, usually a wise trickster in animal shape. Brief and direct.
  2. Fables - Brief animal stories with a specific lessons, generally stated at the beginning or end.
  3. Etiologica (origination)l - States the origin of certain characteristics of the animals. Entertainment.

Legends: Folktales, typically believed by the storyteller. Set in historic time and place. Typically something that goes from "mouth to mouth" - tradition.

Myths: Told as fact and set in remote past. Storyteller doesn't necessarily believe the myth.

Chapter 3
 4) What is your position on Bosma’s methods of reading aloud?
Makes good sense, to stop and discuss the text - make sure everybody is following.
Repetition is good, because language will recognizable and practice pronunciation.
Practice makes perfect.

5) Do you think it is a good idea to ask pupils to predict what they think the story will be about?
Great for the imagination. And vocabulary exercise.
Maybe hard if they know the story beforehand.
Questions while reading.

6) What do you think of her way of doing it? (pp. 28-29)
Good to have a plan beforehand - dividing it in steps. Does the prediction come true? Maybe stop sometimes in the story - predict what happens next or was what happened what you expected?

7) How do you find her idea of letting pupils reading to each other in small groups after they have read the folk tales silently? (p. 29)
Great for vocabulary and pronunciation, and better understanding of the text.

8) Comment on Bosma’s assertion that “Folktales can be used with children of all ages because of the tales’ many layers of meaning. The subtle messages that delight the older child are not picked up by the younger reader, but that does not lessen appreciation of the story. The experienced teacher adjusts the lessons to challenge children at their appropriate developmental level.” (p. 30)
Agreed, fairy tales are for all ages, but of course the exercises have to follow the ages.
Small children: entertainment
Older students: analyzing

9) Explain the object of and take a stand on Bosma’s concepts of “story mapping” and “directed reading-thinking activity”
It's about making a summary, it's analyzing. Putting the story in a box - very manageable. Doable for all ages.  

Chapter 6
10) What do you think of Bosma’s many forms of creative response to folk literature such as pantomiming, drama, mask making, storytelling, music, dance, reader’s theatre, puppetry, visual art, visual imagery and language exploration
It's great, active while learning. Creativity - great for imagination. And improvisation. It doesn't get boring and the same - "writing on the board" but the pupils get to do something. Not everybody learns the same way, some need to see, some touch, some listen and some do. With these styles everybody has a chance. Motivating.

Though Bosma’s book is intended for American native speaking children do you think we can extract some useful ideas and tools for our teaching of English as a foreign language in the Danish folkeskole?
Yes, learning is the same all over. We can use her ideas in Denmark.

Fairy Tales Questions
Christensen, Jørgen Riber: Fairy Tales
pp. 10-26 Introduction Fairy Tales
1) How does Riber define and characterize a fairy tale?


2) What is meant by upward social mobility? And could you give some examples of fairy tales where this phenomenon is represented?
Upward Social mobility: change in persons status resulting in that rising to a higher position in their status system.

Example: Cinderella.

3) How does Riber characterize and define a literary tale?


4) What is a fable?
literary genre. A fable is a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature which are anthropomorphized (given human qualities such as verbal communication), and that illustrates or leads to an interpretation of a moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be added explicitly in a pithy maxim.

5) What is a myth?
Myth is something you don't know if it's true or not. Like gods - for instance Nordic mythology (Thor, Odin etc.)

6) What is meant by the concept of motif-index?
It's another way of characterizing/labelling fairy tales- looking for motives etc.
More for teachers than for pupils.
Use this to prepare for class.
Will mention all fairy tales with motives in common.

7) What did the Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp become known for in 1928?
He talked about making the perfect fairy tale. 31 functions of what should be in the tale (not all in the same).
Yet another way of "labelling" a fairy tale.

8) What did the French A. J. Greimas become known for?
Actantial Model

9) Explain the idea of the actantial model
Subject looking for an object, which is send by a sender. The object is received by the receiver. There's a helper to the subject, and an opponent.

Can use it for analyzing fairy tales. Usually fit in with the folktales better than literary tales.




10) Try to think of some fairy tales where this model could profitably be used
 Simple Simon

Sender: King              Object: Princess                 Receiver: Simple Simon

Helper: The tings        Subject: Simple Simon       Opponent: The other men (princes, brothers etc)

11) Try to use the actantial model in an analysis of some of the fairy tales you probably have come to think of
 Simple Simon

Sender: King              Object: Princess                 Receiver: Simple Simon

Helper: The tings        Subject: Simple Simon       Opponent: The other men (princes, brothers etc)


12) What is meant by Jung’s archetypes and what have they to do with fairy tales?
A clear-cut character - like a stepmother = mean/wicked or fair maiden = sweet

Like stereotypes. 

Teaching Course Fairy Tales in a 9th grade

Læringsforudsætninger
Mål
Rammefaktorer
Indhold
Læreprocesser
Vurdering
Emne
Fairy Tales
Learning about Fairy Tales and being able to analyze it
Write the plan on the board
Warm-up exercise - The Fairy Tale Landscape, talk about what we did last time
Talk about what we did today
Kompendium:
2 different Fairy Tales
List of the 31 functions
Analyzing models

Reading out loud, Analyzing, writing own fairy tale
Individual work
Group work
Pronounciation
Vocabulary
Did the pupils learn the intended material?
What did they think about it?




Lesson plan

Warm-up
Main Content
Evaluation
Homework
Lesson 1
Fairy Tale Landscape
What is a fairy tale? The 31 functions (Class)
Read and talk about "Jack and the Beanstalk". Which functions are used? (group)

Break: surprise exercise

"Jack and the Beanstalk" (class)
What did we learn today? What did you think about it? (class)

Lesson 2
What did we do last time (groups)
Analyze "Simple Simon" and find the functions. (group)

Break: surprise exercise

Start writing a fairy tale (to hand in in a week (lesson 4)) (individually)
What did we learn today? What did you think about it? (class)
Read Simple Simon
Lesson 3
What did we do last time (groups)
Choose between "Simple Simon" and "Jack the Beanstalk", and prepare a scene to play in front of the class. Everybody has a role, and afterwards the class should identify the fairy tale functions. Write it down (group)
What did we learn today? What did you think about it? (class)

Lesson 4
What did we do last time (groups)
The last perfomances.

The teacher reads a fairy tale out loud and the pupils have to find the functions and write them down (Class)

Fairy Tale Landscape
What did we learn this week? What did you think about it? Would you like to do something similar again? (class)
The fairy tale is to be handed in today!